Orthodox Clergy and Special Purposes Units of the Russian Empire: Forms and Features of Interaction

Paper title:	*Orthodox Clergy and Special Purposes Units of the Russian Empire: Forms and Features of Interaction*
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2021.01.002
Published in:	Issue 1, (Vol. 27) / 2021
Publishing date:	2021-07-31
Pages:	27-46
Author(s):	Stepan Borchuk, Ihor Koliada, Andrii Korolko
Abstract:	The investigation followed the forms, methods, directions, and mechanisms of interaction of the Russian Orthodox Church, particularly its clergy, with the Ministry of Interior's gendarmerie and police bodies, with the institutions and divisions of the military and naval departments, with the prison services of the Ministry of Justice, with the separate corps of border guards of the Ministry of Finance as well as the courier body of the Ministry of War. The gradual increase of this category of Orthodox clergy and the extension of their position and influence on the relevant population is proved based on the examination of sources. Russian Empire clerics of these structures have played a critical role in providing authorities and employees with basic intellectual, moral, and educational training. Their activities ranged from strictly religious obligations to educational and moral-spiritual activity, as well as charity, all of which contributed to the inviolability of autocratic principles. Fulfilling the mission of aligning the Russian Orthodox Church with the political institutions of the Russian autocracy, the clergy of state departments acted as an ideological and educational tool for ensuring the efficient functioning of the branch's control mechanism of the Empire.
Keywords:	Orthodox clergy, Autocracy, Special units, Military clergy, Ideological activities, Religious and educational work.

References:	1. Barsov T., Ob upravlenii russkim voyennym dukhovenstvom [On the management of the Russian military clergy], Sankt-Peterburg, 1879. 2. Freeze Gregory L., The Parish Clergy in nineteenth century Russia. Crisis, reform, coun-ter reform, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983. 3. Freeze Gregory L., Subversive piety: Religion and the political crisis in late Imperial Russia, in "Journal of Modern History", 1996, p. 308-350. 4. Gagen V., Dukhovno-nravstvennoye i prosvetitelskoye vozdeystviye na zaklyuchennykh [Spiritual, moral and educational impact on prisoners], in "Tyuremnyy vestnik" [Prison Herald], 1913, vol. 8-9, s. 1217-1219. 5. Gernet M., Istoriya tsarskoy tyurmy [The history of the imperial prison], Moskva, 1951, vol. 1. 6. Golov G., Prokhozhdeniye sluzhby po voyennomu vedomstvu. Kn. VII Svoda voyennykh postanovleniy 1869 goda [Passage of service in the military department. Book VII of the Code of military orders of 1869], Petrograd, 1917. 7. Gubskaya T., Voyennoye dukhovenstvo i svyashchenniki Nikolayeva. Istoricheskiye o-cherki [Military clergy and priests of Nikolaev. Historical sketches], Nikolayev, 2006. 8. Istoriya politsii Rossii: Kratkiy istoricheskiy ocherk [History of the Russian police: A Brief historical sketch], Moskva, 1998. 9. K voprosu o proshlom i sovremennom sostoyanii voyennogo dukhovenstva [On the question of the past and present state of the military clergy], in "Vestnik voyennogo dukhovenstva" [Military clergy bulletin], 1890, no. 1, s. 11. 10. K voprosu o proshlom i sovremennom sostoyanii voyennogo dukhovenstva [On the question of the past and present state of the military clergy], in "Vestnik voyennogo dukhovenstva" [Military clergy bulletin], 1890, no. 2, s. 38-40. 11. Kapkov K., Ocherki po istorii voyennogo i morskogo dukhovenstva Rossiyskoy imperii XVIII ??? nachala XX veka: Itogi k 1917 godu [Essays on the history of the military and naval clergy of the Russian Empire in the 18th ??? early 20th centuries: Results by 1917], Moskva, 2009. 12. Klibanov A., Istoriya religioznogo sektantstva v Rossii (60-e gody XIX veka ??? 1917 g.) [The history of religious sectarianism in Russia (60s of the XIX century ??? 1917)], Moskva, 1965. 13. Kotkov V., Kotkova Yu., Voyennoye dukhovenstvo Rossii. Stranitsy istorii: Ucheb. poso-biye [Military clergy of Russia. Pages of history: Study guide], Sankt-Peterburg, 2005. 14. Kuritsyn V. (ed.), Istoriya politsii dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii (sbornik dokumentov i ma-terialov po istorii gosudarstva i prava). Uchebnoye posobiye [The history of the police in pre-revolutionary Russia (a collection of documents and materials on the history of state and law). Tutorial], Moskva, 1981. 15. Nikolayev N. (ed.), Stoletiye Feldyegerskogo korpusa: 1796???1896: Istoricheskiy o-cherk [Centenary of the Courier Corps: 1796-1896: historical sketch], Sankt-Peterburg, 1896. 16. Pashova A., Vodenicharov P., The Military Clergy in the Russo-Ottoman War 1877???1878 ??? East Orthodoxy and Other Confessions, in "Balkanistic Forum", 2015, vol. 3, p. 94-107. 17. Pawe??czyk-Dura Kamila, The influence of World War I on the activity of the Russian military and naval clergy, in Great War: insights and perspective, New York, 2016, s. 47-58. 18. Plekhanov A., Otdelnyy korpus pogranichnoy strazhi. Kratkiy ocherk [Separate border guard corps. Brief outline], Moskva, 1993. 19. Polnoye sobraniye postanovleniy i rasporyazheniy po vedomstvu pravoslavnogo ispo-vedaniya Rossiyskoy imperii [Complete collection of decrees and orders for the department of the Orthodox confession of the Russian Empire], Petrograd, 1915, vol. 1 Tsarstvovaniye gosudarya imperatora Nikolaya I. 1825 (dekabrya 12) ??? 1835 gg. [Reign of Emperor Nicholas I. 1825 (December 12) ??? 1835]. 20. Polnoye sobraniye zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire], vol. VII, Sankt-Peterburg, 1833. 21. Polnoye sobraniye zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii [Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire], vol. ??, Sankt-Peterburg, 1893. 22. Prikaz po voyennomu vedomstvu ??? 37 ot 31.01.1890 g. O pravakh svyashchenno-sluzhiteley na polucheniye ordenov za vyslugu let [Order for the military department No. 37 of January 31, 1890 "On the right of the clergy to receive orders for length of service"], in "Vestnik voyennogo dukhovenstva" [Military clergy bulletin], 1890, no. 6, s. 159-160. 23. Programma periodicheskogo izdaniya [Periodicals program], in "Vestnik voyennogo dukhovenstva" [Military clergy bulletin], 1890, no. 1, s. 1-3. 24. Proyekt uchrezhdeniya politsii [Police institution project ], Sankt-Peterburg, 1913. 25. Rogoza V., Vzaimodeystviye Russkoy Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi so spetsialnymi struktura-mi, obespechivavshimi vnutrennyuyu bezopasnost Rossiyskoy imperii [Interaction of the Russian Orthodox Church with special structures that ensured the internal security of the Russian Empire], in "Gosudarstvo, religiya, tserkov v Rossii i za rubezhom. Informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten" [State, religion, church in Russia and abroad. Information and analytical bulletin], Moskva, 2002, vol. 1 (29), URL http://www.religare.ru/2_2324.html 26. Rukovodstvennoye nastavleniye svyashchennikam. sluzhashchim pri tyuremnykh zamkakh i bolnitsakh [A guide for priests in prison castles and hospitals], Vologda, 1851. 27. Sizikov M., Istoriya politsii Rossii (1718???1917). Vyp. 1: Stanovleniye i razvitiye obshchey regulyarnoy politsii v Rossii XVIII v. [History of the Russian Police (1718???1917). Issue. 1: Formation and development of the general regular police in Russia in the XVIII century], Moskva, 1992. 28. Trifanov M., Feldyegerskaya svyaz Rossii [Courier service of Russia], Moskva, 1994. 29. Tsvetkov P. (ed.), Sbornik zakonov i rasporyazheniy pravitelstva: (Sost. po ofits. is-tochnikam 1857???1894 gg.): Sprav. kn. dlya chinov politsii i dr. uchrezhdeniy i lits [Collection of laws and government orders: (Compiled from official sources 1857-1894): A reference book for police officers and other institutions and individuals], Sankt-Peterburg, 1895. 30. ???Tyuremnyy vestnik??? [Prison Herald], 1910. 31. ???Vestnik politsii??? [Police Bulletin], 1910. 32. Voyenno-tyuremnyye zavedeniya v Rossii i za granitsey: Po otchetam chinov voyenno-sudeb. vedomstva, komandirov. dlya oznakomleniya s voyen. tyurmami i distsiplinar. chastyami [Military and prison establishments in Russia and abroad: According to the reports of the officials of the military-judicial department, business trips to familiarize themselves with military prisons and disciplinary units], Sankt-Peterburg, 1904. 33. Voyennoye dukhovenstvo [Military clergy], in Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar [Encyclope-dic Dictionary], Sankt-Peterburg, 1892, vol. 6??, s. 846. 34. Yeremenko M., Lyman I., Viiskove dukhovenstvo na pivdni Ukrainy (1734-1853 rr.) [Military clergy in the south of Ukraine (1734-1853)], Melitopol, 2014. 35. Znamenskiy P., Istoriya russkoy tserkvi (uchebnoye rukovodstvo) [History of the Russian church (study guide)], Moskva, 2000.