Formation of Kazakh National Elites

Paper title:	*Formation of Kazakh National Elites in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries*
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.4316/CC.2020.01.005
Published in:	Issue 1, (Vol. 26) / 2020
Publishing date:	2020-07-31
Pages:	57-72
Author(s):	Leskaly Berdyguzhin, Shakhman Nagimov, Aldar Sarsenov, Gulmira Jambaulova, Dinara Khamidullina, Bulat Nigmetov, Sanim Kaluova
Abstract:	Elites, as a social group, generate and implement progressive ideas in society. The formation of Kazakhstan's national elite began in the first half of the 20th century, with access to secular education. Kazakhstan's new progressive intelligentsia made significant changes in many areas of science, economy and culture. This article examines the prerequisites for the emergence and development of elites in Kazakhstan and describes their contribution to the political, cultural, and economic spheres.
Keywords:	Elite, intelligentsia, Kazakhstan, 19th century, 20th century, Russian Empire, government, education.

References:	1. Berdyguzhin Leskaly, Sarsenov Aldar, Tulenoba Uldai, Zhumabayev Amangeldi, Nigmetov Bulat, Mirbolatov Saken, Berdigozhina Maussymzhan, The history of the oil industry in Kazakhstan: from the origins to the present day, in "Man in India", 2017, Vol. 4, No. 97, p. 639-653. 2. Caron Jean-Francois, Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy: Between Continuity and Rupture, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2 3. Christian David, A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Malden, Wiley Blackwell, 2018. 4. Cummings Sally, Kazakhstan. Power and the elite, London - New York, I.B. Tauris, 2005. 5. Dave Bhavna, Kazakhstan: Ethnicity, Language and Power, London - New York, Routledge, 2007. 6. Gürbüz Yunus, Role of Alash Orda on the Formation of Kazakh SSR, in "The Proceedings of the European Society for Central Asian Studies Tenth Conference "Central Asia: Sharing Experiences and Prospects", Ankara, 12-15 September 2007, p. 659-679. 7. Hiro Dilip, Inside Central Asia: A political and cultural history of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran, New York - London, Overlook Duckworth. 8. Holdsworth Mary, Soviet Central Asia, 1917-1940, in "Soviet Studies", 1952, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 258-277. DOI: 10.1080/09668135208409821 9. Kendirbaeva Gulnar, `We are children of Alash…' The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people, in "Central Asian Survey", 1999, Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 5-36. 10. Kendirbay Gulnar, The national liberation movement of the Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century, in "Central Asian Survey", 1997, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 487-515. 11. Koigeldiev Mambet, The Alash Movement and the Soviet Government: A Difference of Positions, in Tomohiko Uyama, Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia, Sapporo, Hokkaido University, 2007, p. 153-184, in http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no14_ses/06_koigeldiev.pdf 12. Kumganbayev Zhandos, Kudaibergenova Nazgul, Kazakh intelligentsia's struggle for independence in the early XXth Century, in "Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences", 2013, No. 89, p. 617-621. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.904 13. Mistree Dinsha, How Elites Determine Development, in "Economic & Political Weekly", 2013, Vol. 48, No. 35, p. 30-32. 14. Pryor Joshua, Social Change Through Control: How Elites Shape Society, August 15, 2013, in https://ssrn.com/abstract=2310417 15. Sabol Steven, Russian colonization and the genesis of Kazak national consciousness, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 16. Sadykov Seidulla, Negizbayeva Marlan, Uzbekova Gulnar, Kazakh printed press development in the late 19th-early 20th century, in "Евразийский Союз Ученых" [Eurasian Union of Scientists], 2018, Vol. 4, No. 49, p. 59-62. 17. Sharma Lal Narayan, The theories of elites: Impact and relevance, in "The Indian Journal of Political Science", 1977, Vol. 38, No. 1, 65. 18. Uyama Tomohiko, The Geography of Civilizations: A Spatial Analysis of the Kazakh Intelligentsia's Activities, from the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century, in Kimitaka Matsuzato, Regions: A Prism to View the Slavic-Eurasian World. Towards a Discipline of 'Regionology', Sapporo, Slavic Research Centre, 2000. 19. Lazar von Arpad, The role of young educated elites in political development, in "Il Politico", 1966, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 74-92. 20. Абдакомов Абдижапар, История Казахстана (от древних времен до наших дней) [The history of Kazakhstan (from ancient times to our days)], Том 3, Алматы, РИК, 1994. 21. Ақанқызы Г., Әйелдер құқығы идеясы және Қазақ әдебиетіндегі әйелдер образы [Feminism and women’s image in Kazakh literature], in “Вестник Казахского государственного женского педагогического университета” [Bulletin of Kazakh State Women's Pedagogical University], 2014, Vol.3, No. 51, p. 4-9. 22. Аяган Буркитбай, Шаймерденова Мендыганым, История Казахстана (Начало ХХ века – Настоящее время) [History of Kazakhstan (From the early XX century to present)], Алматы, Атамура, 2013. 23. Бопежанова Алия, История театра [History of the theatre], Казахский государственный академический драмтеатр им. Ауэзова [Kazakh State Academic Drama Theater named after Auezov], 2017, in https://www.auezov-theatre.kz/ru/about/history 24. Григорьев Леонид, Элиты и средний класс [Elites and the middle class], in “Spero”, 2010, No. 13, p. 87-110. 25. Даирбек Аскар, Военный врач и видный деятель Алаша Халел Досмухамедов [Military doctor and prominent figure of Alash Khalel Dosmukhamedov], in https://sarbaz.kz/history/voennyy-vrach-i-vidnyy-deyatel-alasha-halel-dosmuhamedov-161951553/ 26. Дашковский Пётр, Шернёва Елена, Мусульманское образование в Западной Сибири в XIX – начале XX в. [Muslim Education in the West Siberia in the 19th – the Beginning of 20th Centuries], in “Известия Алтайского государственного университета. История и археология” [Proceedings of Altai State University. History and Archeology], 2011, Vol. 7-1, No. 72, p. 68-71. 27. Динашева Лазат, Юсуп Жахангир, Народное образование в южных областях Казахстана (вторая половина ХІХ – начало ХХ вв.) [Public education in the southern regions of Kazakhstan (second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries)], in “Universum: Общественные науки: электронный научный журнал” [Universum: Social Sciences: Electronic Scientific Journal], 2015, Vol. 4, No. 14. 28. Елім деп соққан ұлы жүрек [The great heart that beats for my country], Алматы, 2002. http://nblib.library.kz/elib/Sait/NauBibUKAZ/Ұлы%20тулғалар.%20PDF-формат.2-версия/Dulatov.pdf 29. Жанбосинова С. Альбина, Кульшанова А. Арман, Шаймерденова Дж. Мендыганым, Промыслово-ремесленные занятия казахского населения в середине XIX – начале XX веков [Handicraft of the Kazakh People in the middle of 19th – early 20th centuries], in “Bylye Gody”, 2019, Vol. 51, No. 1, p. 241-251. 30. Забих Ш. А., Формирование и эволюция политико-правовых взглядов Жаханши Досмухамедова [Formation and evolution of Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov’s political and legal views], in “Право и государство”[Law and State], 2015, Vol. 4, No. 69, p. 94-103. 31. Захаров С. В., Муканова А. С., Формирование казахской интеллигенции [Formation of Kazakh intelligentsia]; in “Межвузовский вестник” [Inter-University Bulletin], 2012, Vol. 19, No. 2, 41-43. 32. Казиев Саттар, Ислам, тюркизм и становление казахской этнонациональной идентичности в начале ХХ века [Islam, Turkism and Formation of Kazakh Ethnonational Identity at the Beginning of the 20th Century]; in Вестник Северо-Восточного федерального университета им. М.К. Аммосова” [Bulletion of M.K. Amosov North-Eastern Federal University], 2015, Vol.12, No. 1, p. 75-83. 33. Кенжебаева Сауле, Идейно-политическая борьба в области культуры и образования в Казахстане в 20-30 годы ХХ века [Ideological and political struggle in the field of culture and education in Kazakhstan in 20–30-s of 20th century], in “Вестник Астраханского государственного технического университета” [Bulletin of the Astrakhan State Technical University], 2011, Vol. 2, No. 52, p. 137-143. 34. Мажитова Жанна, Полемика вокруг суда биев среди представителей казахской интеллигенции начала ХХ в. (сравнительно-исторический анализ) [The controversy surrounding the court of biys among representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early 20th century (comparative historical analysis)], in “Гуманитарный вектор. Востоковедение” [Humanitarian vector. Oriental Studies], 2014, Vol. 3, No. 39, p. 89-95. 35. Мир-Багирзаде Самира, Система образования и воспитания на мусульманском Востоке [Education system in the Muslim East], in “Філософія освіти” [Philosophy of education], 2013, Vol. 1, No. 13, p. 362. 36. Нурмагамбетова Р. К., Движение «Алаш» и Алаш-Орда. Историография проблемы 1920 – 1990-е годы ХХ века [Alash movement and the Alash-Horde. Historiography of the problem 1920 - 1990s of the XXth century], Алматы, 2003. 37. Султан-Хан Аккулы, Газете, которая отстояла этническое название казахов, исполняется сто лет [The newspaper, which defended the ethnic name of the Kazakhs, turns one hundred years old], Радио Азаттык, 2012. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/newspaper-khazakh-aikhap-baitursunuly-dulatuly/24605595.html 38. Тілешов Е., Қамзабекұлы Д., Алаш қозғалысы. Энциклопедиялық анықтамалық [Alash movement. Encyclopedic reference book], Алматы, Сардар, 2014. 39. Шаймуханова С. Д., Ерденбекова Ж. С., Муратбеккызы Бибигуль, Вклад Алихана Букейханова в политическую и научно-исследовательскую деятельность Казахстана [The contribution of Alikhan Bukeikhanov to the political and research activities of Kazakhstan], in “International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research”, 2016, No. 5, p. 330-333. 40. Энциклопедия нефтяной промышленности Казахстана [Petroleum Encyclopedia of Kazakhstan], Том 1, Алматы, Общественный фонд “Мунайши”, 2005.